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Frontiers in Microbiology 2022, the causative agent of glanders, is principally a disease of equines, although it can also infect humans and is categorized by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and...
, the causative agent of glanders, is principally a disease of equines, although it can also infect humans and is categorized by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a category B biological agent. Human cases of glanders are rare and thus there is limited information on treatment. It is therefore recommended that cases are treated with the same therapies as used for melioidosis, which for prophylaxis, is co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) or co-amoxiclav (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid). In this study, the fluoroquinolone finafloxacin was compared to co-trimoxazole as a post-exposure prophylactic in a murine model of inhalational glanders. BALB/c mice were exposed to an aerosol of followed by treatment with co-trimoxazole or finafloxacin initiated at 24 h post-challenge and continued for 14 days. Survival at the end of the study was 55% or 70% for mice treated with finafloxacin or co-trimoxazole, respectively, however, this difference was not significant. However, finafloxacin was more effective than co-trimoxazole in controlling bacterial load within tissues and demonstrating clearance in the liver, lung and spleen following 14 days of therapy. In summary, finafloxacin should be considered as a promising alternative treatment following exposure to
PubMed: 36504783
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1057202 -
Sequencing-Based Genotyping of Pakistani Strains: A Useful Way for Investigating Glanders Outbreaks.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) May 2022() is a host-adapted equine pathogen that causes glanders, a re-emerging zoonotic disease, which is endemic in Pakistan and other developing countries and seriously...
() is a host-adapted equine pathogen that causes glanders, a re-emerging zoonotic disease, which is endemic in Pakistan and other developing countries and seriously impacts the global equine movement. Due to globalization, the geographical restriction of diseases vanishes and the lack of awareness of and experience with eradicated diseases in industrialized countries also promotes the re-introduction of infections in these regions. Owing to the high equine population, the Pakistani province Punjab is a potential hotspot where several glanders outbreaks have been seen over last two decades. For determining the genomic diversity of in this and other equine-populated prefectures, the genomes of 19 strains isolated between 1999 and 2020 in different locations were sequenced and their genotypes were determined. Particularly, for genetically highly homogenous pathogens like genotyping techniques require a high discriminatory power for enabling differentiation on the strain level. Thus, core-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNP) analysis was applied for distinguishing the highly similar strains. Furthermore, a whole-genome sequence-based core genome multi locus sequence typing (cgMLST) scheme, specific to , was developed and additionally applied to the data. It was found that genotypes in Pakistan persisted over time and space and genotype clusters preferred connection with a time point rather than the place of isolation, probably due to frequent equine movement, which promotes the spread of glanders. The cgMLST approach proved to work in accord with SNP typing and may help to investigate future glanders outbreaks.
PubMed: 35745468
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060614 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology 2014Methods for the rapid detection and differentiation of the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex comprising B. pseudomallei, B. mallei, and B. thailandensis, have been the... (Review)
Review
Methods for the rapid detection and differentiation of the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex comprising B. pseudomallei, B. mallei, and B. thailandensis, have been the topic of recent research due to the high degree of phenotypic and genotypic similarities of these species. B. pseudomallei and B. mallei are recognized by the CDC as tier 1 select agents. The high mortality rates of glanders and melioidosis, their potential use as bioweapons, and their low infectious dose, necessitate the need for rapid and accurate detection methods. Although B. thailandensis is generally avirulent in mammals, this species displays very similar phenotypic characteristics to that of B. pseudomallei. Optimal identification of these species remains problematic, due to the difficulty in developing a sensitive, selective, and accurate assay. The development of PCR technologies has revolutionized diagnostic testing and these detection methods have become popular due to their speed, sensitivity, and accuracy. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview and evaluation of the advancements in PCR-based detection and differentiation methodologies for the B. pseudomallei complex, and examine their potential uses in diagnostic and environmental testing.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Biological Warfare Agents; Burkholderia; Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Glanders; Horses; Humans; Melioidosis; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 23969318
DOI: No ID Found -
The Israel Medical Association Journal... Jul 2007
Review
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bioterrorism; Burkholderia Infections; Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Humans; Israel; Security Measures
PubMed: 17710778
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2015Members of the Burkholderia species can cause a range of severe, often fatal, respiratory diseases. A variety of in vitro models of infection have been developed in an... (Review)
Review
Members of the Burkholderia species can cause a range of severe, often fatal, respiratory diseases. A variety of in vitro models of infection have been developed in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism by which Burkholderia spp. gain entry to and interact with the body. The majority of studies have tended to focus on the interaction of bacteria with phagocytic cells with a paucity of information available with regard to the lung epithelium. However, the lung epithelium is becoming more widely recognized as an important player in innate immunity and the early response to infections. Here we review the complex relationship between Burkholderia species and epithelial cells with an emphasis on the most pathogenic species, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei. The current gaps in knowledge in our understanding are highlighted along with the epithelial host-pathogen interactions that offer potential opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Topics: Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Cell Line; Epithelial Cells; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Lung; Models, Biological
PubMed: 26636042
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00080 -
BMC Bioinformatics Sep 2016Burkholderia mallei and B. pseudomallei are the causative agents of glanders and melioidosis, respectively, diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates. B. mallei...
BACKGROUND
Burkholderia mallei and B. pseudomallei are the causative agents of glanders and melioidosis, respectively, diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates. B. mallei and B. pseudomallei are closely related genetically; B. mallei evolved from an ancestral strain of B. pseudomallei by genome reduction and adaptation to an obligate intracellular lifestyle. Although these two bacteria cause different diseases, they share multiple virulence factors, including bacterial secretion systems, which represent key components of bacterial pathogenicity. Despite recent progress, the secretion system proteins for B. mallei and B. pseudomallei, their pathogenic mechanisms of action, and host factors are not well characterized.
RESULTS
We previously developed a manually curated database, DBSecSys, of bacterial secretion system proteins for B. mallei. Here, we report an expansion of the database with corresponding information about B. pseudomallei. DBSecSys 2.0 contains comprehensive literature-based and computationally derived information about B. mallei ATCC 23344 and literature-based and computationally derived information about B. pseudomallei K96243. The database contains updated information for 163 B. mallei proteins from the previous database and 61 additional B. mallei proteins, and new information for 281 B. pseudomallei proteins associated with 5 secretion systems, their 1,633 human- and murine-interacting targets, and 2,400 host-B. mallei interactions and 2,286 host-B. pseudomallei interactions. The database also includes information about 13 pathogenic mechanisms of action for B. mallei and B. pseudomallei secretion system proteins inferred from the available literature or computationally. Additionally, DBSecSys 2.0 provides details about 82 virulence attenuation experiments for 52 B. mallei secretion system proteins and 98 virulence attenuation experiments for 61 B. pseudomallei secretion system proteins. We updated the Web interface and data access layer to speed-up users' search of detailed information for orthologous proteins related to secretion systems of the two pathogens.
CONCLUSIONS
The updates of DBSecSys 2.0 provide unique capabilities to access comprehensive information about secretion systems of B. mallei and B. pseudomallei. They enable studies and comparisons of corresponding proteins of these two closely related pathogens and their host-interacting partners. The database is available at http://dbsecsys.bhsai.org .
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Secretion Systems; Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Databases, Protein; Humans; Mice; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 27650316
DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-1242-z -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Mar 2015A frame-shift mutation in the flagellum motor gene motB coding for the chemotaxis MotB protein of Burkholderia mallei has been utilized to design a conventional duplex...
BACKGROUND
A frame-shift mutation in the flagellum motor gene motB coding for the chemotaxis MotB protein of Burkholderia mallei has been utilized to design a conventional duplex PCR assay with fluorescent labelled primers.
FINDINGS
Species specificity was tested with a panel of 13 Burkholderia type strains. A total of 41 B. mallei field strains, 36 B. pseudomallei field strains, and 1 B. thailandensis field strain from different geographic regions were tested and correctly identified. Testing of 55 non-Burkholderia bacterial species revealed 100% specificity of the assay. The minimum detection limit was 1 pg DNA or 160 GE for B. mallei and 130 GE for B. pseudomallei, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
This assay enables the clear distinction between B. mallei and B. pseudomallei/B. thailandensis.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia pseudomallei; DNA Primers; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Species Specificity
PubMed: 25887130
DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0104-4 -
Microbiology and Immunology 2002Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are causative agents of distinct diseases, namely, melioidosis and glanders, respectively. The two species are very...
Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are causative agents of distinct diseases, namely, melioidosis and glanders, respectively. The two species are very closely related, based on DNA-DNA homology, base sequence of the 16S rRNA, and phenotypic characteristics. Based on the use of polyclonal antisera, B. pseudomallei and B. mallei are also found to be antigenically closely related to one another. We previously reported the production of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against B. pseudomallei antigens; one group was specific for the 200-kDa exopolysaccharide present on the surface of all B. pseudomallei isolates, and the other was specific for the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure present on more than 95% of the B. pseudomallei tested. In the present study, we showed that the MAbs against 200-kDa antigen of B. pseudomallei cross-reacted with a component present also in some B. mallei isolates (3/6), but the positive immunoblot reaction was noted below the 200-kDa position. On the other hand, none of the six B. mallei isolates reacted with the MAb specific for B. pseudomallei LPS. It was of interest to observe that only the 3 exopolysaccharide-positive B. mallei isolates reacted with a commercial MAb against B. mallei LPS. The data presented suggest that B. mallei can be classified antigenically into two types based on their reactivities with different MAbs, i.e., the presence or absence of exopolysaccharide and the types of lipopolysaccharide. The heterogeneity of the LPS from these two closely related organisms is most likely related to the differences in its O-polysaccharide side chain.
Topics: Antigens, Bacterial; Burkholderia; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Immunoblotting; Lipopolysaccharides; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
PubMed: 12008922
DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02679.x -
Archives of Razi Institute Aug 2023is the main cause of glanders as a dangerous contagious zoonosis disease that is mostly observed in single-hoofed animals, especially horses. Modern molecular...
is the main cause of glanders as a dangerous contagious zoonosis disease that is mostly observed in single-hoofed animals, especially horses. Modern molecular techniques have been recently employed to improve epidemiology for identifying and searching for strains of this bacterium at different times and locations. Due to the unknown number of circulating strains and lack of preventive methods, glanders is still observed in the form of epidemics. The present study aimed to evaluate six field isolates plus two laboratory strains of and using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. All the isolates and strains were microbially cultured in the glycerol nutrient and glycerol agar media. The individually grown colonies of the bacterium were used in the biochemical tests. The DNA of isolates was extracted by boiling, and the PCR-RFLP test was conducted on their genome. Finally, the bacterium was injected into guinea pigs to induce the Straus reaction. The biochemical assays (or bioassays) confirmed the isolates as . The PCR-RFLP assay demonstrated a product for with a length of 650 bp. Nevertheless, 250 and 400 bp were produced for . The swollen scrotum pointed to the occurrence of the Straus reaction. The PCR-RFLP is a proper differential diagnosis technique for ; moreover, it is a suitable method for differentiating between and . This technique can detect in a short time with high precision and sensitivity.
Topics: Horses; Animals; Guinea Pigs; Burkholderia mallei; Glanders; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Glycerol; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Horse Diseases
PubMed: 38226390
DOI: 10.32592/ARI.2023.78.4.1305 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Dec 2012The US Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise convened subject matter experts at the 2010 HHS Burkholderia Workshop to develop consensus...
The US Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise convened subject matter experts at the 2010 HHS Burkholderia Workshop to develop consensus recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis against and treatment for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei infections, which cause melioidosis and glanders, respectively. Drugs recommended by consensus of the participants are ceftazidime or meropenem for initial intensive therapy, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid for eradication therapy. For postexposure prophylaxis, recommended drugs are trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or co-amoxiclav. To improve the timely diagnosis of melioidosis and glanders, further development and wide distribution of rapid diagnostic assays were also recommended. Standardized animal models and B. pseudomallei strains are needed for further development of therapeutic options. Training for laboratory technicians and physicians would facilitate better diagnosis and treatment options.
Topics: Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Ceftazidime; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Susceptibility; Glanders; Humans; Melioidosis; Meropenem; Post-Exposure Prophylaxis; Risk Factors; Thienamycins; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination
PubMed: 23171644
DOI: 10.3201/eid1812.120638